CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
FOR JOURNAL ARTICLES
A General Economics and Teaching
A2 Teaching of Economics
A20 General
A21 Pre-college
A22 Undergraduate
A23 Graduate
A29 Other
B00 General
B1 History of Economic Thought through 1925
B10 General
B11 Preclassical
B12 Classical
B13 Neoclassical through 1925
B14 Socialist; Marxist
B15 Historical; lnstitutional
B19 Other
B2 History of Economic Thought since 1925
B20 General
B21 Microeconomics
B22 Macroeconomics
B23 Econometrics; Quantitative Studies
B24 Socialist; Marxist
B25 Historical; lnstitutional
B29 Other
B3 History of Thought: Individuals
B31 lndividuals
B4 Economic Methodology
B40 General
B41 Economic Methodology
B49 Other
C00 General
C1 Econometric and Statistical Methods: General
C10 General
C11 Bayesian Analysis
C12 Hypothesis Testing
13 Estimation
C14 Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods
C15 Statistical Simulation Methods; Monte Carlo Methods
C19 Other
C2 Econometric Methods: Single Equation Models
C20 General
C21 Cross-Sectional Models
C22 Time-Series Models
C23 Models with Panel Data
C24 Truncated and Censored Models
C25 Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models
C29 Other
C3 Econometric Methods: Multiple/Simultaneous Equation Models
C30 General
C31 Cross-Sectional Models
C32 Time-Series Models
C33 Models with Panel Data
C34 Truncated and Censored Models
C35 Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models
C39 Other
C4 Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics
C40 General
C41 Duration Analysis
C42 Survey Methods
C43 Index Numbers and Aggregation
C44 Statistical Decision Theory; Operations Research
C49 Other
C5 Econometric Modeling
C50 General
C51 Model Construction and Estimation
C52 Model Evaluation and Testing
C53 Forecasting and Other Model Applications
C59 Other
C6 Mathematical Methods and Programming
C60 General
C61 Optimization Techniques; Programming Models
C62 Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium
C63 Computational Techniques
C67 Input-Output Models
C68 Computable General Equilibrium Models
C69 Other
C7 Game Theory and Bargaining Theory
C70 General
C71 Cooperative Games
C72 Noncooperative Games
C73 Stochastic and Dynamic Games
C78 Bargaining Theory; Matching Theory
C79 Other
C8 Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs
C80 General
C81 Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data
C82 Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data
C87 Econometric Software
C88 Other Computer Software
C89 Other
C9 Design of Experiments
C90 General
C91 Laboratory, Individual Behavior
C92 Laboratory, Group Behavior
C93 Field Experiments
C99 Other
D00 General
D1 Household Behavior and Family Economics
D10 General
D11 Consumer Economics: Theory
D12 Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis
D13 Household Production
D18 Consumer Protection
D19 Other
D2 Production and Organizations
D20 General
D21 Firm Behavior
D23 Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights
D24 Production; Capital and Total Factor Productivity; Capacity
D29 Other
D3 Distribution
D30 General
D31 Personal Income and Wealth Distribution
D33 Factor Income Distribution
D39 Other
D4 Market Structure and Pricing
D40 General
D41 Perfect Competition
D42 Monopoly
D43 Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection
D44 Auctions
D45 Rationing; Licensing
D46 Value Theory
D49 Other
D5 General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium
D50 General
D51 Exchange and Production Economies
D52 Incomplete Markets
D57 Input-Output Analysis
D58 Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
D59 Other
D6 Economic Welfare
D60 General
D61 Allocative Efficiency; Cost-Benefit Analysis
D62 Externalities
D63 Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
D64 Altruism
D69 Other
D7 Analysis of Collective Decision-Making
D70 General
D71 Social Choice; Clubs; Committees
D72 Economic Models of Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
D73 Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations
D74 Conflict; Conflict Resolution
D78 Positive Analysis of Policy-Making and Implementation
D79 Other
D8 Information and Uncertainty
D80 General
D81 Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty
D82 Asymmetric and Private Information
D83 Search, Learning, and Information
D84 Expectations; Speculations
D89 Other
D9 Intertemporal Choice and Growth
D90 General
D91 Intertemporal Consumer Choice; Life Cycle Models and Saving
D92 Intertemporal Firm Choice and Growth, Investment, or Financing
D99 Other
E00 General
E1 General Aggregative Models
E10 General
E11 Marxian; Sraffian
E12 Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian
E13 Neoclassical
E17 Forecasting and Simulation
E19 Other
E2 Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment
E20 General
E21 Consumption; Saving
E22 Capital; Investment (including Inventories); Capacity
E23 Production
E24 Employment; Unemployment; Wages
E25 Aggregate Factor Income Distribution
E27 Forecasting and Simulation
E29 Other
E3 Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles
E30 General
E31 Price Level; Inflation; Deflation
E32 Business Fluctuations; Cycles
E37 Forecasting and Simulation
E39 Other
E4 Money and Interest Rates
E40 General
E41 Demand for Money
E42 Monetary Standards and Regimes; Government and the Monetary System
E43 Determination of Interest Rates; Term Structure of Interest Rates
E44 Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
E47 Forecasting and Simulation
E49 Other
E5 Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit
E50 General
E51 Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers
E52 Monetary Policy (Targets, Instruments, and Effects)
E58 Central Banks and Their Policies
E59 Other
E6 Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, Macroeconomic Policy, and General Outlook
E60 General
E61 Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination
E62 Fiscal Policy; Public Expenditures, Investment, and Finance; Taxation
E63 Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary or Stabilization Policy
E64 Incomes Policy; Price Policy
E65 Studies of Particular Policy Episodes
E66 General Outlook and Conditions
E69 Other
F00 General
F01 Global Outlook
F02 International Economic Order; Economic Integration: General
F1 Trade
F10 General
F11 Neoclassical Models of Trade
F12 Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies
F13 Commercial Policy; Protection; Promotion; Trade Negotiations
F14 Country and Industry Studies of Trade
F15 Economic Integration
F17 Trade Forecasting and Simulation
F19 Other
F2 International Factor Movements and Internal Business
F20 General
F21 International Investment; Long-term Capital Movements
F22 International Migration
F23 Multinational Firms; International Business
F29 Other
F3 International Finance
F30 General
F31 Foreign Exchange
F32 Current Account Adjustment; Short-term Capital Movements
F33 International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions
F34 International Lending and Debt Problems
F35 Foreign Aid
F36 Financial Aspects of Economic Integration
F39 Other
F4 Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance
F40 General
F41 Open Economy Macroeconomics
F42 International Policy Coordination
F43 Economic Growth of Open Economies
F47 Forecasting and Simulation
F49 Other
G00 General
G1 General Financial Markets
G10 General
G11 Portfolio Choice
G12 Asset Pricing
G13 Contingent Pricing; Futures Pricing
G14 Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies
G15 International Financial Markets
G18 Government Policy and Regulation
G19 Other
G2 Financial Institutions and Services
G20 General
G21 Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Mortgages
G22 Insurance; Insurance Companies
G23 Pension Funds; Other Private Financial Institutions
G24 Investment Banking
G28 Government Policy and Regulation
G29 Other
G3 Corporate Finance and Governance
G30 General
G31 Capital Budgeting; Investment Policy
G32 Financing Policy; Capital and Ownership Structure
G33 Bankruptcy; Liquidation
G34 Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Voting; Proxy Contests
G35 Payout Policy
G38 Government Policy and Regulation
G39 Other
H00 General
H1 Structure and Scope of Government
H10 General
H11 Structure and Scope of Government
H19 Other
H2 Taxation and Subsidies
H20 General
H21 Efficiency; Optimal Taxation
H22 Incidence
H23 Externalities; Redistributive Effects
H24 Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes
H25 Business Taxes
H26 Tax Evasion
H29 Other
H3 Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents
H30 General
H31 Household
H32 Firm
H39 Other
H4 Publicly Provided Goods
H40 General
H41 Public Goods
H42 Publicly Provided Private Goods
H43 Project Evaluation; Social Discount Rate
H49 Other
H5 National Government Expenditures and Related Policies
H50 General
H51 Government Expenditures and Health
H52 Government Expenditures and Education
H53 Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
H54 Infrastructures
H55 Social Security and Public Pensions
H56 National Security and War
H57 Procurement
H59 Other
H6 National Budget, Deficit, and Debt
H60 General
H61 Budget; Budget Systems
H62 Deficit
H63 Debt; Debt Management
H69 Other
H7 State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations
H70 General
H71 State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
H72 State and Local Budget and Expenditures
H73 Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects
H74 State and Local Borrowing
H77 Intergovernmental Relations
H79 Other
H8 Miscellaneous Issues
H80 General
H81 Governmental Loans and Credits
H82 Governmental Property
H87 International Fiscal Issues
H89 Other
I00 General
I1 Health
I10 General
I11 Analysis of Health Care Markets
I12 Health Production: Nutrition, Mortality, Morbidity, Disability, and Economic Behavior
I18 Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
I19 Other
I2 Education
I20 General
I21 Analysis of Education
I22 Educational Finance
I28 Government Policy
I29 Other
I3 Welfare and Poverty
I30 General
I31 General Welfare; Basic Needs; Quality of Life
I32 Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
I38 Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
I39 Other
J00 General
J1 Demographic Economics
J10 General
J11 Demographic Trends and Forecasts
J12 Marriage; Marital Dissolution
J13 Fertility; Child Care; Children
J14 Economics of the Elderly
J15 Economics of Minorities
J16 Economics of Gender
J17 Value of Life; Foregone Income
J18 Public Policy
J19 Other
J2 Time Allocation, Work Behavior, and Employment Determination
J20 General
J21 Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
J22 Time Allocation and Labor Supply
J23 Employment Determination; Demand for Labor
J24 Human Capital Formation; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
J26 Retirement; Retirement Policies
J28 Safety; Accidents; Industrial Health; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy
J29 Other
J3 Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs
J30 General
J31 Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials by Skill, Training, Occupation, etc.
J32 Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits
J33 Compensation Packages; Payment Methods
J38 Public Policy
J39 Other
J4 Particular Labor Markets
J40 General
J41 Contracts: Specific Human Capital, Matching Models, Efficiency Wage Models, and Internal Labor Markets
J42 Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets
J43 Agricultural Labor Markets
J44 Professional Labor Markets and Occupations
J45 Public Sector Labor Markets
J49 Other
J5 Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining
J50 General
J51 Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects
J52 Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation
J53 Labor-Management Relations; Industrial Jurisprudence
J54 Producer Cooperatives; Labor Managed Firms
J58 Public Policy
J59 Other
J6 Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies
J60 General
J61 Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers
J62 Occupational and Intergenerational Mobility
J63 Turnover; Vacancies
J64 Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search
J65 Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings
J68 Public Policy
J69 Other
J7 Discrimination
J70 General
J71 Discrimination
J78 Public Policy
J79 Other
K00 General
K1 Basic Areas of Law
K10 General
K11 Property Law
K12 Contract Law
K13 Tort Law and Product Liability
K14 Criminal Law
K19 Other
K2 Regulation and Business Law
K20 General
K21 Antitrust Law
K22 Corporation and Securities Law
K23 Regulated Industries and Administrative Law
K29 Other
K3 Other Substantive Areas of Law
K30 General
K31 Employment and Discrimination Law
K32 Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
K33 International Law
K34 Tax Law
K39 Other
K4 Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior
K40 General
K41 Litigation Process
K42 Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
K49 Other
L00 General
L1 Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance
L10 General
L11 Production and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms
L12 Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies
L13 Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
L14 Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation
L15 Information and Product Quality
L16 Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics
L19 Other
L2 Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior
L20 General
L21 Business Objectives of the Firm
L22 Firm Organization and Market Structure: Markets vs. Hierarchies; Vertical Integration
L23 Organization of Production
L29 Other
L3 Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise
L30 General
L31 Nonprofit Institutions
L32 Public Enterprises
L33 Boundaries of Public and Private Enterprise; Privatization; Contracting Out
L39 Other
L4 Antitrust Policy
L40 General
L41 Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices
L42 Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts
L43 Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation
L44 Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprise, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations
L49 Other
L5 Regulation and Industrial Policy
L50 General
L51 Economics of Regulation
L52 Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods
L59 Other
L6 Industry Studies: Manufacturing
L60 General
L61 Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics
L62 Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment
L63 Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment
L64 Other Machinery; Business Equipment
L65 Chemicals; Drugs
L66 Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco
L67 Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather
L68 Appliances; Other Consumer Durables
L69 Other
L7 Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction
L70 General
L71 Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels
L72 Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources
L73 Forest Products: Lumber and Paper
L74 Construction
L79 Other
L8 Industry Studies: Services
L80 General
L81 Retail and Wholesale Trade
L82 Entertainment; Media (Performing Arts, Visual Arts, Broadcasting, Publishing, etc.)
L83 Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism
L84 Personal and Professional Services
L85 Real Estate Services
L86 Information Services; Computer Software
L89 Other
L9 Industry Studies: Utilities and Transportation
L90 General
L91 Transportation: General
L92 Railroads and Other Surface Transportation: Autos, Buses, Trucks, and Water Carriers
L93 Air Transportation
L94 Electric Utilities
L95 Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities
L96 Telecommunications
L98 Government Policy
L99 Other
M00 General
M1 Business Administration
M10 General
M11 Production Management
M12 Personnel Management
M13 Entrepreneurship
M14 Corporate Culture; Social Responsibility
M19 Other
M2 Business Economics
M20 General
M21 Business Economics
M29 Other
M3 Marketing and Advertising
M30 General
M31 Marketing
M37 Advertising
M39 Other
M4 Accounting
M40 General
M41 Accounting
M49 Other
N00 General
N01 Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods
N1 Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Growth and Fluctuations
N10 General, International, or Comparative
N11 U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N12 U.S.; Canada: 1913-71
N13 Europe: Pre-1913
N14 Europe: 1913-71
N15 Asia including Middle East
N16 Latin America; Caribbean
N17 Africa; Oceania
N2 Financial Markets and Institutions
N20 General, International, or Comparative
N21 U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N22 U.S.; Canada: 1913-71
N23 Europe: Pre-1913
N24 Europe: 1913-71
N25 Asia including Middle East
N26 Latin America; Caribbean
N27 Africa; Oceania
N3 Labor, Demography, Education, Income, and Wealth
N30 General, lnternational, or Comparative
N31 U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N32 U.S.; Canada: 1913-71
N33 Europe: Pre-1913
N34 Europe: 1913-71
N35 Asia including Middle East
N36 Latin America; Caribbean
N37 Africa; Oceania
N4 Government, Law, and Regulation
N40 General, International, or Comparative
N41 U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N42 U.S.; Canada: 1913-71
N43 Europe: Pre-1913
N44 Europe: 1913-71
N45 Asia including Middle East
N46 Latin America; Caribbean
N47 Africa; Oceania
N5 Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Extractive Industries
N50 General, International, or Comparative
N51 U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N52 U.S.; Canada: 1913-71
N53 Europe: Pre-1913
N54 Europe: 1913-71
N55 Asia including Middle East
N56 Latin America; Caribbean
N57 Africa; Oceania
N6 Manufacturing and Construction
N60 General, International, or Comparative
N61 U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N62 U.S.; Canada: 1913-71
N63 Europe: Pre-1913
N64 Europe: 1913-71
N65 Asia including Middle East
N66 Latin America; Caribbean
N67 Africa; Oceania
N7 Transport, International and Domestic Trade, Energy, and Other Services
N70 General, International, or Comparative
N71 U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N72 U.S.; Canada: 1913-71
N73 Europe: Pre-1913
N74 Europe: 1913-71
N75 Asia including Middle East
N76 Latin America; Caribbean
N77 Africa; Oceania
O00 Generall
O1 Economic Development
O10 General
O11 Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
O12 Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
O13 Agriculture; Natural Resources; Other Primary Products
O14 Industrialization; Choice of Technology
O15 Human Resources; Income Distribution; Migration
O16 Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment
O17 Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements
O18 Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses
O19 Intemational Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations
O2 Development Planning and Policy
O20 General
O21 Planning Models; Planning Policy
O22 Project Analysis
O23 Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development
O29 Other
O3 Technological Change
O30 General
O31 Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
O32 Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
O33 Technological Change: Choices and Consequences
O34 Intellectual Property Rights: National and International Issues
O38 Government Policy
O39 Other
O4 Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity
O40 General
O41 One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models
O42 Monetary Growth Models
O47 Measurement of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity
O49 Other
O5 Economywide Country Studies
O50 General
O51 U.S.; Canada
O52 Europe
O53 Asia including Middle East
O54 Latin America; Caribbean
O55 Africa
O56 Oceania
O57 Comparative Studies of Countries
P00 General
P1 Capitalist Systems
P10 General
P11 Planning, Coordination, and Reform
P12 Capitalist Enterprises
P13 Cooperative Enterprises
P16 Political Economy of Capitalism
P17 Performance and Prospects
P19 Other
P2 Socialist Systems
P20 General
P21 Planning, Coordination, and Reform
P22 Prices
P23 Markets
P24 lncome Measurement and Growth
P26 Political Economy of Socialism
P27 Performance and Prospects
P29 Other
P3 Socialist Institutions
P30 General
P31 Socialist Enterprises
P32 Collectives; Communes
P33 Foreign Trade and Investment
P34 Finance
P35 Public Finance
P39 Other
P4 Other Economic Systems
P40 General
P41 Planning, Coordination, and Reform
P42 Productive Enterprises
P43 Finance
P47 Performance and Prospects
P49 Other
P5 Comparative Economic Systems
P50 General
P51 Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems
P52 Comparative Studies of Particular Economies
P59 Other
Q00 General
Q1 Agriculture
Q10 General
Q11 Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices
Q12 Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
Q13 Agricultural Markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness
Q14 Agricultural Finance
Q15 Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation
Q16 R&D; Agricultural Technology; Agricultural Extension Services
Q17 Agriculture in International Trade
Q18 Agricultural Policy; Food Policy
Q19 Other
Q2 Renewable Resources and Conservation; Environmental Management
Q20 General
Q21 Demand and Supply
Q22 Fishery
Q23 Forestry
Q24 Land
Q25 Water; Air
Q26 Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources
Q28 Government Policy
Q29 Other
Q3 Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation
Q30 General
Q31 Demand and Supply
Q32 Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development
Q33 Resource Booms
Q38 Govemment Policy
Q39 Other
Q4 Energy
Q40 General
Q41 Demand and Supply
Q42 Alternative Energy Sources
Q43 Energy and the Macroeconomy
Q48 Government Policy
Q49 Other
R00 General
R1 General Spatial Economics
R10 General
R11 Analysis of Growth, Development, and Changes
R12 Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
R13 General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies
R14 Land Use Patterns
R15 Econometric and lnput-Output Models
R19 Other
R2 Household Analysis
R20 General
R21 Housing Demand
R22 Other Demand
R23 Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets and Population
R29 Other
R3 Production Analysis and Firm Location
R30 General
R31 Housing Supply and Markets
R32 Other Production and Pricing Analysis
R33 Nonagricultural Land Pricing
R34 Input Demand Analysis
R38 Government Policies; Regulatory Policies
R39 Other
R4 Transportation Systems
R40 General
R41 Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion
R42 Government and Private lnvestment Analysis
R48 Government Pricing; Regulatory Policies
R49 Other
R5 Regional Government Analysis
R50 General
R51 Finance in Urban and Rural Economies
R52 Land Use and Other Regulations
R53 Public Facility Location Analysis
R58 Regional Development Policy
R59 Other
Z00 General
Z1 Cultural Economics
Z10 General